Biomedical Applications of Nanobiology-

Nanoparticles are defined as solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm. Nanoparticles have several advantages over larger particles, including a higher surface-to-volume ratio and better magnetic characteristics. There has been a steady increase in interest in employing nanoparticles in various biological applications such as targeted drug delivery during the last few years. hyperthermia, photoablation therapy, bioimaging and biosensors. Because of its superior features such as chemical stability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, high saturation magnetisation, and high magnetic susceptibility, iron oxide nanoparticles have dominated applications such as drug administration, hyperthermia, bioimaging, cell labelling, and gene transfer.. In this review, nanoparticles will be classified into four different nanosystems metallic nanoparticles, bimetallic or alloy nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles. This review investigates the use of nanosystems other than iron oxide nanoparticles such as metallic nanoparticles like gold (Au) and silver (Ag), bimetallic nanoparticles like iron cobalt (Fe-Co) and iron platinum (Fe-Pt) and metal oxides including titanium dioxide (TiO2) cerium dioxide (CeO2), silica (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) with a focus on the lesser studied nanoparticles such as silver (Ag), iron-platinum (Fe-Pt) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and how their unique properties allow for their potential use in various biomedical applications

Targeted drug delivery

Chemotherapy depends on the circulatory system to transport anticancer drugs to the tumour. Non-specificity and toxicity of the medicine, in which the medications assault healthy cells and organs as well as cancerous cells, are unfavourable side effects of this treatment. As a result, targeted drug delivery is being researched as a possible alternative to chemotherapy. The goal of targeted medication delivery is to direct the drug to the exact location of the tumour, increasing the amount of medicine administered to the tumour site while reducing side effects.

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Magnetic hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is a therapeutic technique whereby heat is applied to destroy cancerous cells and tissue. To eliminate malignant cells without harming healthy cells, the temperature of the infected or sick area is elevated to 41–46 °C. Cancerous cells are more temperature sensitive than healthy cells. When malignant cells are heated to 41–46 °C, they undergo apoptosis, which is known as the hyperthermic effect. If the cells are heated to above 46–48 °C, a process known as thermoablation, necrosis will result. Hyperthermia treatment is used in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy to treat cancerous cells.

Bioimaging

For the identification and diagnosis of illnesses, bioimaging techniques such as MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound are used. These methods are non-invasive and can yield high-resolution images of interior organs in some cases. Contrast chemicals are commonly employed in bioimaging techniques to identify the organ or tissue of interest, as well as to distinguish healthy from sick tissue. The fundamental problem with today's contrasting agents for MRI and CT imaging is their toxicity, as well as their short retention period and imaging time.

Photoablation therapy: photodynamic and photothermal therapy

Photoablation therapy is classified into photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy. PDT employs photosensitisers, which are non-toxic light-sensitive chemicals that become poisonous when exposed to light of a specific wavelength. This treatment is mostly used to target cancerous cells. Photo-induced electrons and holes are formed in the PDT process when photosensitisers, such as TiO2 nanoparticles, are subjected to light at a specified wavelength.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen are formed when photo-induced electrons and holes combine with hydroxyl ions or water to produce oxidative radicals.

Biosensors

A biosensor is a type of analytical equipment used to analyse biological material. It translates an electrical signal from a chemical, biological, or biochemical response. A biosensor must have three components: (1) a bioelement or bioreceptor, which is made up of enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, cells, or tissues; and (2) the transducer which can be electrochemical, optical, electronic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric or gravimetric and (3) the electronic unit which contains the amplifier, processor and display.